In many regions the Bronze Age is generally considered to begin a few centuries prior to 3000 BC, while the end of the Iron Age varies from the early first millennium BC in some regions to the late first millennium AD in others.ĭuring the time period of ancient history, the world population was already exponentially increasing due to the Neolithic Revolution, which was in full progress. The start and end of the three ages vary between world regions. The three-age system periodizes ancient history into the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age, with recorded history generally considered to begin with the Bronze Age. Ancient history covers all continents inhabited by humans in the period 3000 BC – AD 650. The span of recorded history is roughly 5,000 years, beginning with the Sumerian cuneiform script. It fell when Turks took control of its capital city, Constantinople (modern day Istanbul in Turkey) in AD 1453.Ancient history is a time period from the beginning of writing and recorded human history to as far as late antiquity. The eastern Roman Empire, more commonly known as the Byzantine Empire, survived until the 15th century AD. Rome continued to decline after that until AD 476 when the western Roman Empire came to an end. The western empire suffered several Gothic invasions and, in AD 455, was sacked by Vandals. In AD 286 the Roman Empire was split into eastern and western empires, each ruled by its own emperor. ![]() By AD 117, the Roman Empire had reached its maximum extant, spanning three continents including Asia Minor, northern Africa, and most of Europe. During this period, Rome saw several decades of peace, prosperity, and expansion. Rome’s Imperial Period was its last, beginning with the rise of Rome’s first emperor in 31 BC and lasting until the fall of Rome in AD 476. Octavian assumed the title of Augustus and thus became the first emperor of Rome. In 31 BC Rome overtook Egypt which resulted in the death of Mark Antony and left Octavian as the unchallenged ruler of Rome. Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC and replaced by his heir, Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (Octavian) who ruled alongside Mark Antony. Although the Senate was still Rome’s governing body, its power was weakening. While Rome continued to be governed as a Republic for another 50 years, the shift to Imperialism began to materialize in 60 BC when Julius Caesar rose to power.īy 51 BC, Julius Caesar had conquered Celtic Gaul and, for the first time, Rome’s borders had spread beyond the Mediterranean region. Following Sulla’s resignation in 79 BC, the Republic returned to a state of unrest. Cornelius Sulla, who served from 82-80 BC. ![]() This led to the election of a dictator, L. Soon after, Rome’s political atmosphere pushed the Republic into a period of chaos and civil war. It was the Punic Wars from 264-146 BC, along with some conflicts with Greece, that allowed Rome to take control of Carthage and Corinth and thus become the dominant maritime power in the Mediterranean. Rome continued to expand through the Republican Period and gained control over the entire Italian peninsula by 338 BC. In 451 BC, the Romans established the “Twelve Tables,” a standardized code of laws meant for public, private, and political matters. However, a dictator could be nominated in times of crisis. No longer ruled by kings, the Romans established a new form of government whereby the upper classes ruled, namely the senators and the equestrians, or knights. Rome entered its Republican Period in 510 BC. The end of the Period of Kings came with the decline of Etruscan power, thus ushering in Rome’s Republican Period. Politically, this period saw the early formation of the Roman constitution. During this brief time Rome, led by no fewer than six kings, advanced both militaristically and economically with increases in physical boundaries, military might, and production and trade of goods including oil lamps. ![]() The first period in Roman history is known as the Period of Kings, and it lasted from Rome’s founding until 510 BC. ![]() Archaeological evidence indicates that a great deal of change and unification took place around 600 BC which likely led to the establishment of Rome as a true city. It is unclear whether they came together in defense or as a result of being brought under Etruscan rule. It is thought that the city-state of Rome was initially formed by Latium villagers joining together with settlers from the surrounding hills in response to an Etruscan invasion. Rome was founded around 625 BC in the areas of ancient Italy known as Etruria and Latium. The history of the Roman Empire can be divided into three distinct periods: The Period of Kings (625-510 BC), Republican Rome (510-31 BC), and Imperial Rome (31 BC – AD 476). View Announcement Search toggle Mobile Menu Toggle
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